Middle Earth is the continent or possibly continents where The Hobbit, Lord of the Rings, and parts of The Silmarillion take place.
AAccording to Tolkien Middle Earth is where the mortal beings live.
Valinor-land of the Valar after the destruction of Almaren by Melkor. Only Elves can reach Valinor by taking a special route. Mortals cannot find Valinor, but just sail around the Earth. It is hidden from them.
Beleriand-The part of Middle-earth where most of The Silmarillion takes place. The only part of Beleriand that survived in the time of LOTR is Lindon. Lindon is the area just west of Eriador, where The Shire and The Grey Havens are.
This is from the Silmarillion index:
The name was said to have signified 'the country of Balar', and to have been given at first to the lands about the mouths of Sirion that faced the Isle of Balar. Later the name spread to include all the ancient coast of the Northwest of Middle-earth south of the Firth of Drengist, and all the inner lands south of Hithlum and eastwards to the feet of the Blue Mountains, divided by the river Sirion into East and West Beleriand. Beleriand was broken in the turmoils at the end of the First Age, and invaded by the sea, so that only Ossiriand (Lindon) remained.
Greenwood the Great was the name of the forrest before it became Mirkwood. After Sauron's downfall, it was re-named Wood of Greenleaves or in elvish Eryn Lasgalen. Tharanduil and Celeborn chose the name.
Techinally there is a bit of land near the Forochel that was part of Beleriand and that survived.
I have no idea about Almaren I have never heard of it. Sounds like something from Numenor
Helcaraxe: the Frozen pass between Valinor and Beleriand. The elves that came under Fingolfins banner came over Helcaraxe as did Morgoth and Ungoliant. It led, if memory serves, from the mountains of the Valar to Ered Lomin.
Belegost and Nogrod: Dwarven realms of the first age of the sun, both sank beneath the waves when Beleriand was destroyed. They were in what is now named Lune, where the grey havens are.
Dale: a northern town of men situated between Esgaroth upon long-lake and Erebor the lonely mountain. It was sacked when Smaug came and remained burnt for, I think it was, a hundred years. Bard the Bowman became king of Dale when he killed Smaug and began rebuilding it. His son, Bain, and grandson, Brand built the town up to a great city where the streets were pathed in gold. (And here's the part I love) In long-lake you could still see the bones and jeweled hide of Smaug the Golden
"there's only one way to win a war: shout, shout, and shout again!" - The Duke of Wellington ((Blackadder - Stephen Fry))
theres a reason for that. the whole of Arda was changed with the breaking of the lamps. all of Arda was one big land mass, with a lake in the middle. in that lake was Almaren. to the uttermost north of the land was the fastness of Melkor, Utumno in the Iron Mountains.
Love is a very powerful force, especially when its formed into a coherent beam of death.
Erebor: Mountain home of Durins folk. It over-shadows Dale and stood all alone. In the third age of the sun it was take by Smaug and a lot of the dwarves were killed and Dale was burnt. About a hundred (I think it was) years later Thorin and Company came back with the hobbit called Bilbo Baggins. Bilbo went into the mountain and stole a cup and the Arkenstone from the dragons hoard. Smaug became enraged and left the mountain. He tried to kill the dwarves but they escaped into the mountain. Believing Blibo to be a Lake-man Smaug came to Esgaroth upon Long-lake and burnt it to ruin, but in his rage he was smote by a single black arrow fired by the hand of Bard the Bowman of the line of Girion. In that moment Thorin became lord of the mountain again, however his troubles were not yet over. The elves of Mirkwood and the men of Lake-town believed that they should have a share of the treasure, however Thorin refused to let them have any and sent a message by a crow to his cousin Dain in the Iron Hills. And so came the battle of Five armies. After all was said and done Dain became King under the Mountain and Thorin was laid to rest at the heart of the mountain with his sword Orcrist and Bard laid the arkenstone upon his chest. In the year that led to the war of the ring Erebor became a mighty kingdom again and Dain rule unchallenged in his hall. Dale was rebuilt and made into a mighty city. when the battle of Dale came King Brand of dale (Bards grandson) was killed at the gates of Erebor and the great Dain Ironfoot fell after fighting bravely to the last. It was a wonder that he could lift an axe at the age he was. After that the realm of Erebor came under the rule of Thorin Stonehelm and Dale came to Bard the second. Under the rule of Thorin Stonehelm Erebor pprospered and became perhaps the greatest of Dwarven realms at the time, second only to Aglarond and Gimli Elf-friend.
I got a bit carried away.
"there's only one way to win a war: shout, shout, and shout again!" - The Duke of Wellington ((Blackadder - Stephen Fry))